ABSTRACT We developed a pre-clinical model in which to evaluate the impact of orally administered carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels. For this purpose, we compared the effects of different carbohydrates with well-established glycemic indexes. We orally administered (gavage) increasing amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g/kg) of sucrose and lactose to rats which had been fasted for 6 h or 15 h, respectively. In part of the experiments we administered frutose (gavagem). Three different models were compared for measuring postprandial blood glucose levels: a) evaluation of interstitial glucose concentrations by using a real time continuous glucose monitoring system; b) evaluation of glucose levels in blood obtained from the rat tail; c) evaluation of serum glucose levels in blood collected after decapitation. Our results showed that blood obtained from the tails of 15-h fasted rats was the best model in which to evaluate the effect of carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels.

ABSTRACT The effect of glutamine dipeptide (GDP) supplementation in patients with diabetic foot syndrome was evaluated. A total of 22 patients took part in the study. GDP was supplied in 10 g sachets, and was dissolved in water immediately before use, with ingestion once a day, after lunch or after dinner (20 g/day) over a period of 30 days. Quantification of foot insensitive areas, oxidative stress, blood cytokines, and biochemical, hematological and toxicological parameters was performed before and after GDP supplementation. We observed an increase in blood levels of interferon-α (P=0.023), interferon-γ (P=0.038), interleukin-4 (P=0.003), interleukin-6 (P=0.0025), interleukin-7 (P=0.028), interleukin-12 p40 (P=0.017), interleukin-13 (P=0.001), leukocytes (P=0.037), eosinophils (P=0.049), and typical lymphocytes (P<0.001) due to GDP administration. In addition, we observed a reduced number (P=0.048) of insensitive areas on the foot, and reduction (P=0.047) of fasting hyperglycemia. Patients also showed increased blood high density lipoprotein (P<0.01) and protein thiol groups (P=0.004). These favorable results were associated with the absence of renal and hepatic toxicity. These results are of clinical relevance, since supplementation with GDP over 30 days improved clinical responses in patients with diabetic foot syndrome.

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar níveis de L-glutamina e L-glutamato em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (0,60 ± 0,1 g). Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro dietas e três repetições e 90 peixes por unidade experimental. Foi utilizada dieta controle, com 29% de proteína digestível e 2.940 kcal/kg de energia digestível, suplementada mistura de L-glutamina e L-glutamato na proporção de 0, 1, 2 e 3% da dieta, durante 85 dias. Não foi observado efeito da L-glutamina e L-glutamato sobre o consumo, a conversão alimentar, a taxa de eficiência protéica, a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio, o índice hepatossomático, a composição química corporal, a amônia e ureia sanguíneas. O aumento nos níveis de L-glutamina e L-glutamato nas dietas teve aumento linear sobre o ganho de peso e efeito quadrático na altura dos vilos. A adição de L-glutamina e L-glutamato melhora o ganho de peso e a altura das vilosidades intestinais de tilápia-do-nilo.

This work was carried out to evaluate levels of L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles (0.60 ± 0.1 g). A complete randomized experimental design with four diets and three replicates and 90 fish per experimental unit was used. It was used a control diet with 29% of digestible protein and 2,940 kcal/kg of digestible energy supplemented with L-glutamine and L-glutamate at the proportion of 0, 1, 2 and 3% of diet, during 85 days. It was not observed effect of dietary L-glutamine and L-glutamate on feed intake, food conversion, protein efficiency rate, nitrogen retention efficiency, hepatic somatic index, chemical body composition, blood ammonia and urea. It was observed a linear increase on gain weight and a quadratic effet on villus height when levels of L-glutamine and L-glutamate increased. The addition of L-glutamine and L-glutamate increases the weight gain and intestinal villus height of Nile tilapia.

Objetivou-se, no presente experimento, comparar o efeito da origem da fonte protéica e da suplementação com lisina e metionina ou cálcio e fósforo para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), durante a reversão sexual. Foram utilizadas 200 larvas, distribuídas em 20 aquários de 12 litros, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A temperatura pela manhã e à tarde, o oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica da água foram, respectivamente, de 22,6 ± 0,1ºC, 24,1±0,4ºC; 6,77 ± 0,38 mg/L, 7,75 ± 0,16; e 173,4 ± 2 mS/m. Os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas: uma somente com ingredientes de origem animal (FA); outra com ingredientes de origem vegetal (FV) e duas com ingredientes de origem vegetal, uma com adição dos aminoácidos lisina e metionina (FAA) e outra com cálcio e fósforo (FP). Os valores médios finais de peso e comprimento dos animais submetidos à ração FA foi superior aos demais tratamentos, seguido pelo FP e FV, que não diferiram da FAA. O tratamento FA apresentou os maior valores de biomassa final, seguido do FP e FAA, que foram semelhantes ao FV. O fator de condição dos peixes do tratamento FA foi superior aos FAA e FV, porém o FP foi semelhante aos demais. A sobrevivência dos tratamentos FA, FV e FP foram semelhantes entre si e superiores ao FAA. Para a fase de reversão sexual da tilápia do Nilo, rações formuladas com ingredientes de origem animal foram mais eficientes que as formuladas com ingredientes de origem vegetal, mesmo quando estas foram suplementadas com lisina e metionina ou cálcio e fósforo.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of protein source origin and lysine and methionine or phosphorus and calcium supplementation to Nile tilapia during sex reversal phase. Two hundred fries were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications, in twenty 12 L aquarium. One aquarium with 10 Nile tilapia fry was considered an experimental unit. Morning and afternoon temperatures, dissolved oxygen, pH and electric conductivity was 22.6 ± 0.1ºC, 24.1± 0.4ºC; 6.77 ± 0.38 mg/L, 7.75 ± 0.16 e 173.4 ± 2 µS/m, respectively. The treatments were diets, one only with protein source of animal origin (FA), other only with protein source plant origin (FV), another with protein source plant origin but supplemented with lysine and methionine (FAA) and other with protein source plant origin but supplemented with calcium and phosphorus (FP). Means of end values of weight and length fry submitted to FA diet was greater than others treatments, followed to FP and FV diets, who had same value that the FAA diet. FA diet showed higher values of final biomass, followed by FP and FAA, that showed the same value of FV diet. Fry condiction of FA diet was greater than FAA and FV, but similar to FP diet. The survival of FA, FV, and FP diets was same and greater than FAA. Diets with animal protein ingredients were more efficient than vegetal protein ingredients with lysine and methionine or calcium and phosphorus supplementation, for Nile tilapia during sex reversion phase.